Plant biomass plays an important role in sustaining environment and life including human life on earth. This book covers biomass modification to facilitate the industrial degradation processing and other characteristics of feedstock's and new technologies for the conversion of lignocelluloses into biofuels and other products. The book will appeal to a broad range of energy professionals and specialists, farmers and foresters who are searching for methods of selecting, growing, and converting energy crops, entrepreneurs who are commercializing biomass energy.

Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. This book explains how to use such organic fertilizers as compost, green sand, mulch, bone meal, and green manure to keep soil healthy with some real examples extending the concepts in organic fertilizers that may stimulate new research ideas and trends in the relevant fields. This book will be of use and interest to consultants, researchers, libraries, and entrepreneurs, manufacturers of bio-fertilizer and for those who wants to endeavor in to this field.

Dyes and Pigments examines various aspects of dyes including an extensive historical overview of dyes and pigments. It includes definitions of dyes, pigments and their varieties. Further, it comprise overview of dyeing and dyeing technologies. Provides the reader with insights into the development of its history, so as to understand dyes and pigments better and why some dyes and pigments are better hazard to environment.

Life is a practical version of Hazard Potential of Chemical Residuals in Food. It provides the basic knowledge in the field of science, no matter where you are standing- in an office, in a bedroom, in an office, or in a field the knowledge about the food you eat is most important. You are observing the manifestation of Food exposed to other materials in one way or in the other way. The subject of hazard potential of chemicals has developed and studied by different points of view in the recent past. It is a rigorous and demanding subject. It is informative for all the individuals, irrespective of their field of study, consideration, perspective about food. In this Textbook, I have tried to introduce hazard potential of materials exposed to food, in such a way as to stimulate an interest and inculcate an understanding of the subject. This book has been written with a mechanistic approach to making the subject matter more clear, interesting and understandable. It covers the subject matter ranging from basics through the complete illustration about the mean theme of life. I have organized the subject matter of this Textbook in a chronological order to best suit your requirements. Each new chapter builds on the foundation laid in the preceding chapters so that when you start with any chapter you find yourself already prepared for the information as well as knowledge. I have tried to cover maximum material in a chapter, yet keeping its length manageable. Hazard potential of chemical residuals in food is mostly based upon the chemicals exposed to food directly and is, therefore, a pre-requisite to the understanding of hazard potential of chemical residuals in food. An understanding of hazards, source of hazards, effects of hazards and ultimate risks to food safety are therefore discussed in the very first chapter of this book followed by the migration of chemicals exposed to food (Chapter 2) that are very helpful in explaining the migration of chemicals by different food packaging materials to the food. Types of migration of chemicals to food are very important in explaining the migration of different chemicals by different sources. Therefore, a full chapter has been given to the packaging materials (Chapter 7) which is discussed after the exposure of food with artificial chemical residuals and natural chemical residuals because these chemicals provide useful basics and illustrations to explain various packaging materials. Although the chemicals in food or in contact with food are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4, the formal introduction to food industries was postponed till Chapter 8 in which various food industries are discussed. In chapter 5 the evaluation of sensory properties of food has been discussed, and in chapter 6 cleaning and disinfection importance in food processing is explained. The legislations on food contact materials and chemicals in contact with food are discussed in chapter 9 which is followed by one more chapter that is the last chapter of the book Chapter 10 named as prevention from the hazard. The general description of the chapter and basic knowledge about each chapter is given at the starting of every chapter because it has been found to be an effective way of recognizing the basics about that certain chapter. The ending of each chapter is by the best way to close the chapter and comprehension of the subject attained through study of the chapter. Answers to some questions can be found directly in the text, whereas the other will require some more efforts by reading the text carefully. However, the readers will be able to answer all the questions if they have acquired the comprehension of the subject matter given in the text. Detailed contents, in the beginning, provide the reader with a ready reference to the desired subject matter. Important terms are in bold face and their definition or explanations are given to make the text as clear as possible. I have used my experience gained by discussions spread over several years to present this job in a simple, systematic, lucid and logical way. I have given an up-to-date account of the subject within the framework of this Textbook. Primarily this book has been written for the graduate students.

Chemical fertilizers are widely used with the purpose to enhance output in various product varieties in agriculture. As, chemical fertilizers are the biggest reason of posing pollution to the water bodies, ground water, and also bioaccumulates in crops hence badly destroying ecological cycles. Therefore, modern scientists are focusing to switch completely from chemical farming to organic farming in order to encourage sustainable agriculture. In organic farming crops are not polluted as they rose through use of manures, biofertilizers and biopesticides which not only provides optimum nutrients to plants but also keep pests and pathogens in control. Biofertilizers are actually "microorganisms which bring roughly nutrient enrichment of soil through enhancing the availability of nutrients to plant crops". These micro-organisms who exhibit the ability to act as bio-fertilizers are the bacteria, cyanobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. Biofertilizers provides considerable potent benefits to agriculture as well as public health programmes. Both developing and developed countries have a vast potential for biofertilizers. However, their adoption by farmers especially in developing countries needs education for maximizing benefits. The stress on organic farming as well as on residue free materials would certainly merit enhanced adoption of biofungicides by the farmers. The use of fungicides reduces crop productivity loss because the chemically synthesized pesticides are no doubt quick in their effect but on the other hand they cause so many environmental and health just as revival of new pests, fungal resistance, loss of soil fertility and persistence of toxic substances when they are consumed by animals and humans. All these problems call for an eco-friendly and sustainable approach in order to decrease the usage and dependence of chemically synthesized fertilizers and pesticides. Similarly, there are so many natural fungicides that can be best alternatives to control fungi and enhancing plant life. Thus, the purpose of this book is to provide that knowledge about recent advancements in the emerging fields of Biofertilizers and Biofungicides as both of them are considered to be ecofriendly as well as sustainable substitutes to chemical fertilizers and fungicides respectively. Chapter 1- 10 discusses all aspects of biofertilizers with special focus on recent advances in this technology while Chapter 11- 14 are about Biofungicides, their applications and recent advances in this field of organic farming.

Air pollution is broad term applied to chemical, physical or any other agent that modifies the natural characteristics of our atmosphere. The atmosphere is advanced and dynamic natural gaseous system that is necessary to support life on earth. World has faced many air pollution disasters as the skies over Donora, a city of Pennsylvania, turned black in 1948. This severe darkness last for five days straight. Town and its residents were surrounded by dangerous clouds of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide as well as metallic dust pollution. This huge black cloud was due to the hazardous pollution from a nearby steel plant as well as zinc smelter in the valley. This also causes a "burning sensation" to the throat, nose as well as the eyes of local residents in the town and the residents also suffered too many other health problems. This disaster leads to the death of 20 people as well. The numbers were worse in different parts of the world, especially developing countries, where air pollution leads to 4-7 million premature deaths. The air pollution disaster of Bhopal India took thousands of live and its effects still occurs even after decades. It is the time when people around the world realized the need to take the problem of air pollution seriously. With time different sources of air pollution were highlighted. Finally in 21st century the issue of air pollution especially the toxicology of air pollutants has been given full consideration and has been adopted as challenge. The toxicology which is related to various air pollutants has already been evolved since last 60 years of attention. Customarily it is thought that it is all about exposure-dose-effect as an important optimal model but advancements in the science of toxicology have suggested that the complication of interactions may also occur at the biological domains, for instance, the loss of compensation as well as sensitization to consequent challenges with the same or another toxicant or perhaps just a nonspecific stressor whose threshold of response may have been lowered. In spite of, the future air pollution toxicologist will need to adopt conventional as well as cutting-edge technology as a tool in order to introduce novel and sustainable study designs capable of dissecting the complexity of the biological system itself as well, as that of the air pollution in all its diverse forms. Inhalation of such toxic air pollutants can enhance chances of facing health problems. This book contains 14 chapters which deal with the Toxicology of Air Pollutants in detail including their sources, their effects on health and environment, other effects, laws, rules and regulation as well as measures that may be taken.